(Ottomans), 1750-1914

Political

• Russian & Austrian invasions--> Ottoman territory loss
• Muhammud Ali takes Egypt & threatens the empire's collapse
• Young Turks take power & form a cabinet who institutes a constition over the sultan (constitution later suspended)
• Janissarys are corrupt ---> weak military
• Tanzimat reform

Economic

• economic ills aggravated the military and political problems of the Ottoman state.
• trading declined throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.
• economic development of constructing railroads, utilities, and mining enterprises led to debt because of depending too much on foreign trade.

Religious

• islamic into secularization

Social

• multicultural, multilingual, multiethnic
• serfdom was little more than slavery but most landowners considered it as a guarantee of social stability

Intellectual

• The Ottomans undertook the Tanizimat reforms, a "reorganization era"
• These reforms attacked the law & set up codes:a new civil code(1850), penal code(1858), a marintime code(1863)
• Educational reforms undermined the ulma, who controled the Muslim education system in 1869, provided free & compusory primary

Technology

• The Ottomans had a declining agricultural government, which despritly neede technological improvement
• Ottoman reformers went to Europe and the U.S to experience industrialization
• They sought to remodel their own societies along the lines of the Industrial lands.
• However, they also faced many confrontations with the other Indusrialized lands.

Near Geographic

• near Persia, the Russian Empire, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, The Red Sea and the Arabian Sea.